Academy registrations across all age groups have risen roughly 40 per cent in three years. That figure is often cited as evidence of progress, but it measures input, not output.

We looked at three seasons of data: fewer than one in ten academy players reach a first-team squad, and fewer still get regular minutes.

The difference sits at a few clubs

The data shows academy minutes are heavily concentrated at a small number of clubs. What those clubs share is not the largest budget but a defined promotion pathway and a commitment to rotation.

Developing a player is not the end of it. Somebody has to be willing to put him on in a match that matters.— A coach with fifteen years in youth development
A routine academy training session.
A routine academy training session.
  • Registrations: up around 40 per cent in three years
  • Reaching a first-team squad: fewer than one in ten
  • Regular minutes: concentrated at a few clubs
  • Common factor: defined pathway and rotation commitment

The coaches we spoke to broadly agree the measure of an academy should move from how many players it trains to how many actually get on the pitch.